Knowledge gaps

Incomplete or lack of inventories of invasive alien microorganisms and invertebrates {2.3.1.11, 2.3.3.3}

Lack of understanding of the drivers of change that facilitate biological invasion for some animal groups (notably invertebrates), fungi and microbes {3.6.1}

Lack of understanding and synthesis of the impact of invasive alien microbes {4.7.2}

Poor understanding of drivers of change that facilitate biological invasions in aquatic and marine systems {3.6.1}

Lack of data on successful restoration attempts in terrestrial and marine systems {5.5.6, 5.6.2.1}

Comparatively incomplete inventories of invasive alien species in Africa (especially in East Africa and adjacent islands) and Central Asia {2.4.2.5, 2.4.5.5}

Comparative lack of understanding of the drivers of change that facilitate biological invasions in developing economies {box 3.13}

Lack of data and knowledge of the drivers of biological invasions in subSaharan Africa, tropical Asia and South America {3.6.3}

Incomplete data on the impact of invasive alien species across Africa and Central Asia {4.7.2}

Lack of standardization of terminology for invasive alien species monitoring {2.4.4.5, 6.6.2.3, 6.6.2.7}

Lack of information on the role of indirect drivers, especially governance and sociocultural drivers, in affecting biological invasions {3.1.5, 3.6.1, box 3.13}

Lack of understanding of the net effects of multiple interacting drivers in shaping and promoting biological invasions {3.5, box 3.10, 3.6.1, box 3.13}

Lack of knowledge on interactions and feedback across drivers in promoting invasions {3.1.5, 3.6.1}

Lack of integration of impact data and knowledge sources across languages {4.7.2}

Incomplete data to undertake risk management, cost-effective species-based surveillance and detection of fungi, microbes and marine pests {table 5.11}

Incomplete data to prioritize biological invasion management under climate, sea- and land-use change {5.6.1.3}

Lack of inventories at fine scales and for specific taxon and biome contexts to support decision-makers in determining when to implement species-based or site-based management (or both) {5.6.2.1, 5.7}

Incomplete data to develop pathway risk assessments and management for different taxonomic groups and biomes {table 5.11, 5.6.2.5}

Incomplete data and understanding of site-based and ecosystem-based management concepts {5.6.2.1}

Incomplete data and understanding of the conditions that facilitate successful integration of policy developments into management plans {6.6.1.4}

Lack of indicators of the various dimensions of biological invasion that are policy-relevant, sensitive, reliable, relevant at national and global scales, sustained for mediumto-long-term tracking of progress and part of a responsive policy environment {6.6.3}

Incomplete data on impact on nature’s contributions to people and good quality of life {4.7.2}

Lack of control options for marine invasive alien species and invasive alien microbial fungal pathogens of plants and animals {5.6.1.1}

Lack of agreed-upon methods of supporting management decisionmaking for invasive alien species with both positive and negative impacts {5.6.1.2}

Lack of methods of managing pathways for invasive alien species arriving as contaminants, or through shipping containers, e-commerce (legal/illegal), biofouling or ports, and across land borders and along trade supply chains {table 5.11, 5.6.2.4}

Lack of methods for adaptive management of invasive alien invertebrates and plants using alternative approaches given the declining number of chemical control options {5.6.2.5}

Lack of eradication guidelines and strategies for generalist invasive alien invertebrates, diseases and hard-todetect freshwater and marine invasive alien species {5.6.2.1, table 5.11}

Lack of scenarios and models of invasive alien species that consider interactions with other drivers of global change {2.6.5, 6.6.1.6}

Missing information on the implementation of adaptive-collaborative governance for biological invasions and factors important to the success of that governance strategy {6.4.4.5}

Incomplete data on the effectiveness of policies, management strategies and actions related to biological invasions {6.1.3, 6.6.3}

Lack of tools and frameworks to predict biological invasions {6.2.1, 6.6.1.6, 6.7.2.7}

Lack of tools to reduce the barriers to information-sharing within and across countries {6.6.2}

Lack of research and data on how best to implement integrated governance systems to manage biological invasions {6.6.1.3, 6.6.1.4, 6.6.2}

Design principles for an integrated governance system to manage biological invasions {6.7.2.3, 6.7.3}

Lack of mechanisms that allow effective collaboration among different aspects of the socioecological systems {figure 6.7}

Lack of information on invasive alien species status and trends on land and water managed by Indigenous Peoples and local communities, especially coastal waters {box 2.6}

Lack of information on Indigenous and local knowledge, values and culture regarding the drivers and impact of invasive alien species on land and water managed by Indigenous Peoples and local communities {1.6.7.1, box 3.15}

Lack of understanding of and mechanisms for sharing knowledge on invasive alien species and their drivers, impact, management and governance among Indigenous Peoples and local communities and researchers and other outsiders {6.6.1.5}

Lack of consideration of the knowledge and perceptions of Indigenous Peoples and local communities in scenarios and models {1.6.7.3, 4.7.1, 6.6.1.6}