Associations amongst invasive alien species and other drivers of change in nature are generally understudied, and the degree to which biological invasions are affected by additive or multiplicative processes and interactions among drivers is therefore difficult to assess (Figure 3.25, Chapter 1, section 1.3.3). A recent review found that only 16 per cent of published research on invasive alien species examined associations with at least one other direct or indirect driver of change in nature, and less than 3 per cent considered associations with two or more additional drivers (Hulme, 2022). This section acknowledges the limited information on interactions between invasive alien species and other drivers of change in nature, and refers to a number of illustrative, rather than exhaustive, examples to highlight the importance of taking such interactions into account (Box 3.11).