Uncertainties and inflexibilities in targets: While quantitative targets are common, there are mixed reviews on their effectiveness. For example, it remains unclear whether aggregation of local biodiversity impacts is an adequate indicator of large-scale or Earth-system ecological processes (Mace et al., 2014), which has led to significant push-back against a singular biodiversity target across scientific and governance communities (Purvis, 2020). Many of the ecological SDG goals have lack a focus on ecosystem functions or integrity, as well as insufficient attention to feedbacks (Reyers & Selig, 2020).