Offsets in particular raise complicated governance questions for both biodiversity and climate, and the effectiveness of regulations of these sectors is unclear. Both have been proposed as a way to compensate for losses (as in biodiversity), or to substitute for other actions (as in climate). Both sectors also have seen offsets as a way to increase financing, given that the amounts of money pledged to NbS and ecosystem approaches has also long remained significantly lower than financial support for other mitigation and adaptation measures (Stucki & Smith, 2011; Pramova et al., 2012).
[...] There is a particular gap in the literature regarding how biodiversity offsets and climate offsets might be combined together, or how each category might result in tradeoffs with the other and with other NCP.