Knowledge gaps were identified in all chapters. The assessment was hampered by the limited information (a) on the impact of nature’s contributions to people to quality of life, in particular because there is a mismatch between social data related to quality of life produced at the political scale and ecological data produced at a biome scale; (b) on nature’s non-material contributions to people that contribute to quality of life; (c) for assessing the linkages between indirect and direct drivers and between the drivers and specific changes in biodiversity and nature’s contributions to people; and (d) on the factors that affect the ability to generalize and scale the results of individual studies up or down.