Economic or monetary values have often been incorporated into models and scenarios, for example, to make global estimates of the value of ecosystems and their services (Kubiszewski et al., 2017a) (Box 5.3). In contrast, social and cultural values of nature and NCP have been rarely incorporated in models and scenarios. This represents a significant research gap as the knowledge and values of local stakeholders have been demonstrated to confer legitimacy, flexibility and adaptive capacity to policy and management actions (Pascual et al., 2017).