monetary valuation |
The amount of value an item or a service has in relation to its acceptable cash price for a willing seller and buyer.
|
Pollination assessment |
monitoring |
Monitoring is the repeated observation of a system in order to detect signs of change.
|
Sustainable use assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme) |
monitoring |
The repeated observation of a system in order to detect signs of change.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme), Americas assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment, Land degradation and restoration assessment |
monitoring |
for the purpose of this assessment, the continued or regular observation of an ecosystem to detect invasion/reinvasion by invasive alien species and/or their impacts.
|
Invasive alien species assessment |
monoculture |
The cultivation or growth of only one agricultural product in a given area (field, farm, garden, forest).
|
Pollination assessment |
monoculture |
The agricultural practice of producing or growing a single crop, plant, or livestock species, variety, or breed in a field or farming system at a time.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme), Americas assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment, Land degradation and restoration assessment, Asia-Pacific assessment |
monophyletic |
The condition in which a group of taxa share a common ancestry, being the entire set of evolutionary descendants from a common ancestor.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
moral economy |
A moral economy, initially based on peasants’ sense of belonging and sharing, is an economy that is based on goodness, fairness, and justice. Such an economy is generally only stable in small, closely knit communities, where the principles of mutuality operate.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
mosaic landscape |
A pattern of landscapes with multiple patches and corridors.
|
Europe and Central Asia assessment |
mosaic restoration |
Landscape scale restoration efforts that do not rely on a single restoration mechanism for an entire landscape, or it is a single mechanism, deploying it in a spatially variable manner that creates patches of restored and non-restored landscape units.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
mother earth |
An expression used in a number of countries and regions to refer to the planet Earth and the entity that sustains all living things found in nature with which humans have an indivisible, interdependent physical and spiritual relationship.
|
Scenarios and models assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme), Asia-Pacific assessment, Sustainable use assessment |
mother earth |
An expression used in a number of countries and regions to refer to the planet Earth and the entity that sustains all living things found in nature with which humans have an indivisible, interdependent physical and spiritual relationship (see nature).
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment, Africa assessment, Americas assessment |
motivation |
One’s general willingness to do something. It is the set of psychological forces that compel you to take action. Motivation can be extrinsic - based on changes in external conditions, external rewards. Intrinsic motivation refers to an inherent drive to seek out challenges and new possibilities.
|
Values assessment |
motivation crowding |
Providing extrinsic incentives for certain kinds of behaviour - such as promising monetary rewards for accomplishing more of intrinsically/ normatively motivated action - can undermine that motivation for performing the behaviour, diminished motivation to act.
|
Values assessment |
multi stakeholder based scenario development |
See Participatory scenario development.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment |
multi-criteria analysis |
A sub-discipline of operations research that explicitly evaluates multiple conflicting criteria in decision-making.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment |
multidisciplinary expert panel |
The IPBES Multidiscplinary Expert Panel is a subsidiary body established by the IPBES Plenary which oversees the scientific and technical functions ofthe Platform, a key role being to select experts to carry out assessments.
|
Europe and Central Asia assessment, Sustainable use assessment, Americas assessment |
multidisciplinary expert panel |
Within the context of IPBES - a subsidiary body established by the IPBES Plenary which carries out the scientific and technical functions agreed upon by the Plenary, as articulated in the document on functions, operating principles and institutional arrangements of IPBES.
|
Scenarios and models assessment |
multifunctional ‘scape |
where ‘scape is shorthand for ‘land-, freshwater- and sea-scape’, is a contiguous area defined by major geomorphological (e.g. major watersheds, geological systems and major biomes) and/or oceanographic processes (major current regimes, biogeochemical processes). Scale may vary with the application. A ‘scape may include a mosaic of habitats across all conditions of nature from intact in ‘wild spaces’, through modified and altered in ‘shared spaces’ where humans have a significant impact on the biota and may alter function considerably, to ‘anthromes’ or fully transformed agricultural and urban areas where the coverage of natural habitats is very low or even zero.
|
IPBES-IPCC co-sponsored workshop on biodiversity and climate change |
multifunctional agriculture |
The concept was adopted by FAO (1999) to foster an approach integrating landscape, biological connections, and less damageable practices. Multifunctional agriculture is meant to integrate the economic, social and ecological aspects of land management.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
multifunctionality |
The condition of being multifunctional; diversity of function.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment |
muti-use system |
Multi-use systems are defined as socio-ecosystems in which occur more than one use or practice (e.g. fishing and logging in mangroves).
|
Sustainable use assessment |
mutualism |
Interaction between two species that benefits the two species (Bronstein, 1994).
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
uncertainty |
Any situation in which the current state of knowledge is such that: the order or nature of things is unknown, the consequences, extent, or magnitude of circumstances, conditions, or events is unpredictable, and credible probabilities to possible outcomes cannot be assigned. Uncertainty can result from lack of information or from disagreement about what is known or even knowable. Uncertainty can be represented by quantitative measures (e.g., a range of values calculated by various models) or by qualitative statements (e.g., reflecting the judgment of a team of experts).
|
Sustainable use assessment |
uncertainty |
Any situation in which the current state of knowledge is such that (1) the order or nature of things is unknown, (2) the consequences, extent, or magnitude of circumstances, conditions, or events is unpredictable, and (3) credible probabilities to possible outcomes cannot be assigned.
|
Pollination assessment |
uncertainty |
Any situation in which the current state of knowledge is such that: 1. the order or nature of things is unknown, the consequences, extent, or magnitude of circumstances, conditions, or events is unpredictable, and 2. credible probabilities to possible outcomes cannot be assigned. 3. Uncertainty can result from lack of information or from disagreement about what is known or even knowable. Uncertainty can be represented by quantitative measures (e.g. a range of values calculated by various models) or by qualitative statements (e.g. reflecting the judgment of a team of experts).
|
Asia-Pacific assessment, Americas assessment |
uncertainty |
Any situation in which the current state of knowledge is such that: the order or nature of things is unknown, the consequences, extent, or magnitude of circumstances, conditions, or events is unpredictable, and credible probabilities to possible outcomes cannot be assigned. Uncertainty can result from lack of information or from disagreement about what is known or even knowable. Uncertainty can be represented by quantitative measures (e.g. a range of values calculated by various models) or by qualitative statements (e.g. reflecting the judgment of a team of experts).
|
Africa assessment |
uncertainty |
see linguistic uncertainty, decision uncertainty, stochastic uncertainty, and scientific uncertainty.
|
Scenarios and models assessment |
uncertainty |
Any situation in which the current state of knowledge is such that: (i). the order or nature of things is unknown; (ii). the consequences, extent, or magnitude of circumstances, conditions, or events is unpredictable; and (iii). credible probabilities to possible outcomes cannot be assigned. Uncertainty can result from lack of information or from disagreement about what is known or even knowable. Uncertainty can be represented by quantitative measures (e.g. a range of values calculated by various models) or by qualitative statements (e.g. reflecting the judgment of a team of experts).
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
units of analysis |
The IPBES Units of Analysis result from subdividing the Earth’s surface into units solely for the purposes of analysis. The following have been identified as IPBES units of analysis globally: Terrestrial: Tropical and subtropical dry and humid forests Temperate and boreal forests and woodlands Mediterranean forests, woodlands and scrub Tundra and High Mountain habitats Tropical and subtropical savannas and grasslands Temperate Grasslands Deserts and xeric shrublands Wetlands - peatlands, mires, bogs Urban/Semi-urban Cultivated areas (incl. cropping, intensive livestock farming etc.) Aquatic, including both marine and freshwater: Cryosphere Aquaculture areas Inland surface waters and water bodies/freshwater Shelf ecosystems (neritic and intertidal/littoral zone) Open ocean pelagic systems (euphotic zone) Deep-Sea Coastal areas intensively used for multiple purposes by humans These IPBES terrestrial and aquatic units of analysis serve as a framework for comparison within and across assessments and represent a pragmatic solution. The IPBES terrestrial and aquatic units of analysis are not intended to be prescriptive for other purposes than those of IPBES assessments. They are likely to evolve as the work of IPBES develops.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
units of analysis |
The IPBES Units of Analysis result from subdividing the Earth's surface into units solely for the purposes of analysis. The following have been identified as IPBES units of analysis globally: Terrestrial: Tropical and subtropical dry and humid forests, Temperate and boreal forests and woodlands, Mediterranean forests, woodlands and scrub, Tundra and High Mountain habitats, Tropical and subtropical savannas and grasslands, Temperate Grasslands, Deserts and xeric shrublands, Wetlands - peatlands, mires, bogs, Urban/Semi-urban, Cultivated areas (incl. cropping, intensive livestock farming etc.).; Aquatic, including both marine and freshwater: Cryosphere, Aquaculture areas, Inland surface waters and water bodies/ freshwater, Shelf ecosystems (neritic and intertidal/ littoral zone), Open ocean pelagic systems (euphotic zone), Deep-Sea, Coastal areas intensively used for multiple purposes by humans.These IPBES terrestrial and aquatic units of analysis serve as a framework for comparison within and across assessments and represent a pragmatic solution. The IPBES terrestrial and aquatic units of analysis are not intended to be prescriptive for other purposes than those of IPBES assessments. They are likely to evolve as the work of IPBES develops.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme), Americas assessment |
units of analysis |
The IPBES Units of Analysis result from subdividing the Earth's surface into units solely for the purposes of analysis. The following have been identified: IPBES units of analysis (terrestrial): Tropical and subtropical dry and humid forests; Temperate and boreal forests and woodlands; Mediterranean forests, woodlands and scrub; Tundra and High Mountain habitats; Tropical and subtropical savannas and grasslands; Temperate Grasslands; Deserts and xeric shrublands; Wetlands - peatlands, mires, bogs; Urban/Semi-urban; Cultivated areas (incl. cropping, intensive livestock farming etc.).; IPBES units of analysis (aquatic, including both marine and freshwater units):; Cryosphere; Aquaculture areas; Inland surface waters and water bodies/ freshwater; Shelf ecosystems (neritic and intertidal/ littoral zone); Open ocean pelagic systems (euphotic zone); Deep-Sea; Coastal areas intensively used for multiple purposes by humans.; These IPBES terrestrial and aquatic units of analysis serve as a framework for comparison within and across assessments and represent a pragmatic solution, which may evolve as the work of IPBES develops. The IPBES terrestrial and aquatic units of analysis serve the purposes of IPBES, and are not intended to be prescriptive for other purposes.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme), Asia-Pacific assessment |
units of analysis |
Units of analysis result from subdividing the Earth's surface into units solely for the purposes of analysis. The terrestrial and aquatic units of analysis serve as a framework for comparison within and across IPBES assessments and represent a pragmatic solution. The terrestrial and aquatic units of analysis used by IPBES are not intended to be prescriptive for purposes other than those of IPBES assessments. They are likely to evolve as the work of IPBES develops.
|
Europe and Central Asia assessment |
units of analysis |
The IPBES Units of Analysis result from subdividing the Earth's surface into units solely for the purposes of analysis. The following have been identified: IPBES units of analysis (terrestrial): Tropical and subtropical dry and humid forests, Temperate and boreal forests and woodlands, Mediterranean forests, woodlands and scrub, Tundra and High Mountain habitats, Tropical and subtropical savannas and grasslands, Temperate Grasslands, Deserts and xeric shrublands, Wetlands - peatlands, mires, bogs, Urban/Semi-urban, Cultivated areas (incl. cropping, intensive livestock farming etc.).; IPBES units of analysis (aquatic, including both marine and freshwater units): Cryosphere, Aquaculture areas, Inland surface waters and water bodies/ freshwater, Shelf ecosystems (neritic and intertidal/ littoral zone), Open ocean pelagic systems (euphotic zone), Deep-Sea, Coastal areas intensively used for multiple purposes by humans. These IPBES terrestrial and aquatic units of analysis serve as a framework for comparison within and across assessments and represent a pragmatic solution, which may evolve as the work of IPBES develops. The IPBES terrestrial and aquatic units of analysis serve the purposes of IPBES, and are not intended to be prescriptive for other purposes.
|
Africa assessment |
units of analysis |
The IPBES Units of Analysis result from subdividing the Earth?s surface into units solely for the purposes of analysis. The following have been identified as IPBES units of analysis globally:Terrestrial:Tropical and subtropical dry and humid forestsTem.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
unpredictability |
Something difficult or impossible to foretell or foresee.
|
Scenarios and models assessment |
unresolved (certainty term (q.v.)) |
Multiple independent studies exist but conclusions do not agree.
|
Pollination assessment |
upanishad |
Each of a series of Hindu sacred treatises written in Sanskrit c.800-200 BC, expounding the Vedas in predominantly mystical and monistic terms.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment |
upscaling |
The process of scaling information from local, fine-grained resolution to global, coarse-grained resolution.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment, Scenarios and models assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme), Asia-Pacific assessment |
upwelling |
A process in which deep, cold water rises toward the surface replacing warmer water pushed away by winds. Water that rises to the surface as a result of upwelling is typically colder and rich in nutrients, which “fertilize” surface waters, meaning that these surface waters often have high biological productivity.
|
Sustainable use assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme) |
urban |
adj. Pertaining to the built-up, human- inhabited environment (cities, towns, villages, etc.).
|
Pollination assessment |
urban ecosystem |
Any ecological system located within a city or other densely settled area or, in a broader sense, the greater ecological system that makes up an entire metropolitan area (Pickett, 2018).
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
urban heat island effect |
The term heat island describes built up areas that are hotter than nearby rural areas.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
urban metabolism |
A method to evaluate the flows of energy and materials within an urban system, which can provide insights into the system's sustainability and the severity of urban problems such as excessive social, community, and household metabolism at scales ranging from global to local.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
urbanization |
The increase in the proportion of a population living in urban areas; the process by which a large number of people becomes permanently concentrated in relatively small areas, forming cities.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
urbanization |
Increase in the proportion of a population living in urban areas; process by which a large number of people becomes permanently concentrated in relatively small areas, forming cities.
|
Americas assessment |
urbanization |
The process by which villages, towns, cities and other built-up areas grow or by which societies become more urban.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme), Pollination assessment |
use of wild species |
The wild species uses are defined through the practices of fishing, gathering, terrestrial animal harvesting, logging, and non-extractive practices. For the purposes of this assessment, the use of wild species have been divided into different categories, which are not mutually exclusive: ceremony and ritual expression, decorative and aesthetic, energy, food and feed, learning and education, materials and construction, medicine and hygiene, recreation and other: companionship.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
users |
Stakeholders who use the products of an assessment, such as decision-makers.
|
Scenarios and models assessment |
usufruct right |
A legal right accorded to a person or party that confers the temporary right to use and derive income or benefit from someone else’s property.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment |