habitat |
The place or type of site where an organism or population naturally occurs. Also used to mean the environmental attributes required by a particular species or its ecological niche.
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Americas assessment, Land degradation and restoration assessment, Africa assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment, Asia-Pacific assessment, Sustainable use assessment |
habitat connectivity |
The degree to which the landscape facilitates the movement of organisms (animals, plant reproductive structures, pollen, pollinators, spores, etc.) and other environmentally important resources (e.g. nutrients and moisture) between similar habitats. Connectivity is hampered by fragmentation (q.v.).
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Global assessment (1st work programme), Pollination assessment, Land degradation and restoration assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment, Americas assessment |
habitat degradation |
A general term describing the set of processes by which habitat quality is reduced. Habitat degradation may occur through natural processes (e.g. drought, heat, cold) and through human activities (forestry, agriculture, urbanization).
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Global assessment (1st work programme), Europe and Central Asia assessment, Africa assessment, Americas assessment, Pollination assessment, Pollination assessment, Asia-Pacific assessment, Land degradation and restoration assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme) |
habitat ecosystem functions |
The ability of soil or soil materials to serve as a habitat for micro-organisms, plants, soil- living animals and their interactions.
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Land degradation and restoration assessment |
habitat fragmentation |
A general term describing the set of processes by which habitat loss results in the division of continuous habitats into a greater number of smaller patches of lesser total and isolated from each other by a matrix of dissimilar habitats. Habitat fragmentation may occur through natural processes (e.g. forest and grassland fires, flooding) and through human activities (forestry, agriculture, urbanization).
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Sustainable use assessment, Africa assessment, Land degradation and restoration assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment, Americas assessment, Asia-Pacific assessment |
habitat heterogeneity |
The number of different habitats in a landscape.
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Global assessment (1st work programme) |
habitat degradation |
A general term describing the set of processes by which habitat quality is reduced. Habitat degradation may occur through natural processes (e.g. drought, heat, cold) and through human activities (forestry, agriculture, urbanization).
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Sustainable use assessment |
habitat modification |
Changes in an area's primary ecological functions and species composition due to human activity and/or non-native species invasion.
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Global assessment (1st work programme) |
habitat service |
The importance of ecosystems to provide living space for resident and migratory species (thus maintaining the gene pool and nursery service).
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Europe and Central Asia assessment, Land degradation and restoration assessment |
habitat specialist |
Species that require very specific habitats and resources (e.g. narrow range of food sources or cover types) to thrive and reproduce.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
habitat |
The place or type of site where an organism or population naturally occurs.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme), Scenarios and models assessment |
habitat |
the area, characterized by its abiotic and biotic properties, that is habitable by a particular species
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Invasive alien species assessment |
harmful algal bloom |
They occur when colonies of algae (simple plants that live in the sea and freshwater) grow out of control and produce toxic or harmful effects on people, fish, shellfish, marine mammals and birds.
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Asia-Pacific assessment |
harmful algal bloom |
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) occur when colonies of algae grow out of control and produce toxic or harmful effects on people, fish, shellfish, marine mammals and birds. The human illnesses caused by HABs, though rare, can be debilitating or even fatal.
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Global assessment (1st work programme) |
harmonization |
The process of bringing together, and comparing, models or scenarios to make them compatible or consistent with one another.
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Scenarios and models assessment, Sustainable use assessment, Pollination assessment, Africa assessment, Asia-Pacific assessment |
harmonization |
The process of bringing something together, and comparing (e.g. models or scenarios) to facilitate compatibility or consistency.
|
Europe and Central Asia assessment |
hazard |
A process, phenomenon or human activity that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation. Hazards that this assessment discusses are mostly environmental hazards (chemical, natural and biological hazards), while cognizant that many hazards are socio- natural, in that they are associated with a combination of natural and anthropogenic factors. Natural hazards are predominantly associated with natural processes and phenomena, including geological or geophysical hazards that originate from internal earth processes (earthquakes, volcanic activities, landslides, tsunamis), and hydrometeorological hazards, which are of atmospheric, hydrological or oceanographic origin (tropical cyclones, floods, drought; heatwaves, and storm surges). Biological hazards are of organic origin or conveyed by biological vectors, including pathogenic microorganisms, toxins and bioactive substances. Examples are bacteria, viruses or parasites, as well as venomous wildlife and insects, poisonous plants and mosquitoes carrying disease-causing agents.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
heat island effect |
Describes built up areas that are hotter than nearby rural areas. Heat islands can affect communities by increasing summertime peak energy demand, air conditioning costs, air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, heat-related illness and mortality, and water quality.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
hedgerow |
A row of shrubs or trees that forms the boundary of an area such as a garden, field, farm, road or right-of-way.
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Americas assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment |
hedonic pricing |
An economic valuation approach that utilizes information about the implicit demand for an environmental attribute of marketed commodities.
|
Europe and Central Asia assessment |
herbicide |
A substance that kills or inhibits the germination, growth and development of plants. Herbicides may be synthetic chemicals, natural chemicals, or biological agents.
|
Pollination assessment |
holocene |
The Holocene is the current geological epoch. It began after the Pleistocene, approximately 11,650 calendar years before present.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
homegarden |
Yard areas surrounding a house for vegetable and fruit production and keeping of domestic animals. In many regions homegardens contain wild species utilized as medicinal plants, timber or other uses.
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Sustainable use assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme) |
homeotherm |
Organisms (vertebrates) with a constant and high body temperature, with a high level of energy exchange.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
homogenisation |
When used in the ecological sense homogenisation means a decrease in the extent to which communities differ in species composition.
|
Pollination assessment |
homogenisation |
When used in the ecological sense homogenisation means a decrease in the extent to which communities differ in species or functional composition.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
homogenisation |
When used in the ecological sense homogenization means a decrease in the extent to which communities differ in species composition.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme), Europe and Central Asia assessment, Land degradation and restoration assessment |
honey bee |
Any bee that is a member of the genus Apis. They are primarily distinguished by the production and storage of honey and the construction of perennial, colonial nests from wax. Currently, eight species of honey bee are recognized.
|
Pollination assessment |
horticulture |
High investment crop production using resources intensively for high value product.
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Sustainable use assessment |
hotspot of agrobiodiversity |
Areas with significantly high levels of agrobiodiversity.
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Global assessment (1st work programme) |
hotspot of endemism |
See 'Biodiversity hotspot'.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
human appropriation of net primary production |
The aggregate impact of land use on biomass available each year in ecosystems.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment, Americas assessment |
human capital |
All the knowledge, talents, skills, abilities, experience, intelligence, training, judgment and wisdom possessed individually and collectively by individuals in a population.
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IPBES-IPCC co-sponsored workshop on biodiversity and climate change, Land degradation and restoration assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme) |
human history |
A general term used to refer to pre-historical and historical periods describing the development of humanity. Different classifications of periods exist reflecting different interpretation of human history.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme), Sustainable use assessment |
human rights |
Rights inherent to all human beings, regardless of race, colour, sex, language, religion or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or any other status. These rights are interrelated, interdependent and indivisible.
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Land degradation and restoration assessment |
human rights instruments |
Instruments for the protection and promotion of human rights, including general instruments, instruments concerning specific issues, and instruments relating to the protection of particular groups.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
human rights |
The inalienable fundamental rights of each and every human being as acknowledged in the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights (United Nations, 1948). Arguments of intragenerational justice basically refer to human rights.
|
Values assessment |
human values |
See Values.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment |
human well-being |
A state of existence that fulfils various human needs, including material living conditions and quality of life, as well as the ability to pursue one's goals, to thrive, and feel satisfied with one's life (IPCC, 2020). The IPBES definition is consistent with this definition but notes that well-being also includes non-material living conditions and cultural identity. The phrase ‘Good quality of Life' as used in this report (see glossary entry) is intended to be inclusive of both the human well-being definitions given above.
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|
human well-being |
See Good Quality of Life.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment |
human well-being |
see well-being.
|
Scenarios and models assessment |
human-nature relations |
The ways in which people relate to and engage with the natural environment, which are diverse and linked to worldviews, values and attitudes embedded in daily life.
|
Values assessment |
humanistic economics |
Humanistic economics intend to show that humankind is perfectly capable of living without the profit motive, and has done so for most of its history. It goes again the tendency to consider the profit motive as self-evident, an idea that underlies many political decisions. See also Behavioural economics.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
humification |
Decomposition of organic material followed by a synthesis of humic substances.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
hunting |
The capture by humans of wild mammals, birds, and reptiles, whether dead or alive, irrespective of the techniques used to capture them or the reasons to do so.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
hybrid model |
See models.
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|
hybrid model |
Models that combine correlative and process-based modelling approaches.
|
Scenarios and models assessment |
hydraulic fracturing |
An oil and gas well development process that typically involves injecting water, sand, and chemicals under high pressure into a bedrock formation via the well. This process is intended to create new fractures in the rock as well as increase the size, extent, and connectivity of existing fractures. Hydraulic fracturing is a well-stimulation technique used commonly in low-permeability rocks like tight sandstone, shale, and some coal beds to increase oil and/or gas flow to a well from petroleum-bearing rock formations.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
hydrothermal vent |
A fissure on the floor of a sea out of which flows water that has been heated by underlying magma. The water can be as hot as 400°C (752°F) and usually contains dissolved minerals that precipitate out of it upon contact with the colder seawater, building a stack of minerals, or chimney. Hydrothermal vents form an ecosystem for microbes and animals, such as tube worms, giant clams, and blind shrimp, that can with stand the hostile environment. The hottest hydrothermal vents are called black smokers because they spew iron and sulfide which combine to form iron mono sulfide, a black compound.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment |
hypoxia |
Low dissolved oxygen levels in coastal and oceanic waters (<2mL per liter of water), either naturally occurring or as a result of a degradation (e.g. eutrophication).
|
Sustainable use assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme) |