Glossary definitions

programmes that aim to manage the impacts of invasive alien species within a site/area through both implementation of control measures and where necessary restoration (sometimes referred to as asset protection) e.g., within high value protected sites/areas.

See ‘Shifting cultivation’.

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Traditional fishing performed by family units rather than commercial units, using a relatively small amount of capital and energy, and carrying out short fishing trips close to coasts and mainly for local consumption (FAO, 2018a).

Small-scale fisheries are defined as a category of capture fishery that generally present (some of) the following characteristics: (i) low capital investment, (ii) high labor activities often family or community-based, (iii) no vessel or small size vessel (< 12m and < 10 GT), (iv) relatively low production, which is household consumed or locally and directly sold and (v) operating close to the shoreline on a single day basis.

A Hindu religious text containing traditional teachings on religion.

see “Policy instruments”.

defined as interactions among individuals, normally within the same species, that are usually beneficial to one or more of the individuals. It is believed that social behaviour evolved because it was beneficial to those who engaged in it, which means that these individuals were more likely to survive and reproduce. Social behaviour serves many purposes and is exhibited by an extraordinary wide variety of animals, including invertebrates, fish, birds, and mammals. Thus, social behaviour is not only displayed by animals possessing well-developed brains and nervous systems.

As used in the global assessment, social capital refers to networks together with shared norms, values and understandings that facilitate co-operation within or among groups. Put together, these networks and understandings engender trust and so enable people to work together.

As used in the global assessment, social capital refers to networks together with shared norms, values and understandings that facilitate co-operation within or among groups. Put together, these networks and understandings engender trust and so enable peo.

Networks together with shared norms, values and understandings that facilitate co-operation within or among groups. Social capital represents the capacity of a community (local or international like the UN) to gather and achieve common goals.

Emphasizes that social/cultural processes behind the creation of artefacts, values and institutions. To the extent that these constructs influence people’s identity and personality, one talks of social construction of the human.

A state whereby resources in a given society are distributed unevenly, typically through norms of allocation, that engender specific patterns along lines of socially defined categories of persons.

Social learning is both the cooperation of partners and the outcome of this cooperation that occurs most efficiently through joint problem solving and reflection within learning networks can be reinforced by experiences.

The process in which individuals or people are systematically blocked from (or denied full access to) various rights, opportunities and resources that are normally available to members of a different group, and which are fundamental to social integration and observance of human rights within that particular group (e.g. housing, employment, healthcare, civic engagement, democratic participation and due process).

A network of social interactions and personal relationships.

A social norm is what people in some group believe to be normal in the group, that is, believed to be a typical action, an appropriate action, or both (Gerry Mackie et al., 2015).

A social norm is what people in some group believe to be normal in the group, that is, believed to be a typical action, an appropriate action, or both.

Refers to transparent social practices that are based on ethical values, compliance with legal requirements, and respect for people, communities, and the environment.

Social welfare services provided by a community of individuals at the state and local levels. These services are geared toward eliminating poverty in a specific area. These services may include housing re- assignment, job placement, subsidies for household bills, and other cash equivalents for food. Social safety net works in conjunction with a number of other poverty reduction programs with the primary goal of reducing/preventing poverty.

Social values refer to value indicators at a social scale, such as social willingness to pay in economics. They can be established by aggregation from individual values through analytical procedures, or through social processes, such as deliberative valuation, that lead to shared social values.

The condition of a society emphasizing happiness and contentment; social welfare relates to how individuals use their relationships to other actors in societies for their own and for the collective good; it has both material elements and wider spiritual and social dimensions.

Social-ecological systems are complex adaptive systems in which people and nature are inextricably linked, in which both the social and ecological components exert strong influence over outcomes. The social dimension includes actors, institutions, cultures and economies, including livelihoods. The ecological dimension includes wild species and the ecosystem they inhabit.

The capacity of a social-ecological system to absorb or withstand perturbations and other stressors such that the system remains within the same regime, essentially maintaining its structure and functions. It describes the degree to which the system is capable of self-organization, learning and adaptation.

Aggregations of people involved in persistent social interactions or sharing geographical or social territories, often with individual political authorities and dominant cultural expectations.

Values shared by people in groups and/or values that inform shared identity of a particular group.

Dynamic mosaics of habitats and land uses where the harmonious interaction between people and nature maintains biodiversity while providing humans with the goods and services needed for their.

Dynamic mosaics of habitats and land uses where the harmonious interaction between people and nature maintains biodiversity while providing humans with the goods and services needed for their livelihoods, survival and well-being in a sustainable manner.

A bio-geo- physical unit and its associated social actors and institutions. Socio-ecological systems are complex and adaptive and are delimited by spatial or functional boundaries surrounding particular ecosystems and their specific context.

A concept used in a variety of analytical approaches intended to examine the relationship between people and nature as inter-linked, recognizing that humans should be seen as a part of, not apart from, nature, and nature as inter-linked to social systems.

see indirect drivers.

An ecosystem, the management of this ecosystem by actors and organizations, and the rules, social norms, and conventions underlying this management.

The upper layer of the Earth’s crust transformed by weathering and physical/ chemical and biological processes. It is composed of mineral particles, organic matter, water, air and living organisms organized in genetic soil horizons.

Soil acidification is caused by a number of factors including acidic precipitation and the deposition from the atmosphere of acidifying gases or particles, such as sulphur dioxide, ammonia and nitric acid. The most important causes of soil acidification on agricultural land, however, are the application of ammonium-based fertilizers and urea, elemental S fertilizer and the growth of legumes.

Decline in the diversity of (micro- and macro-) organisms present in a soil. In turn, this prejudices the ability of soil to provide critical ecosystem services.

An increase in density and a decline of porosity in a soil that impedes root penetration and movements of water and gases.

Defined as an increase in density and a decline of porosity in a soil that impedes root penetration and movements of water and gases.

An increase of toxic compounds (heavy metals, pesticides and so on) in a soil that constitute, directly or indirectly (via the food chain), a hazard for human health and/or for the provision of ecosystem services assured by the soil.

The diminishing capacity of the soil to provide ecosystem goods and services.

The diminishing capacity of the soil to provide ecosystem goods and services as desired by its stakeholders.

A description of the significance of soils to humans and the environment. Examples are: (i) control of substance and energy cycles within ecosystems; (ii) basis for the life of plants, animals and man; (iii) basis for the stability of buildings and roads; (iv) basis for agriculture and forestry; (v) carrier of genetic reservoir; (vi) document of natural history; and (vii) archaeological and paleo-ecological document.

The capacity of a soil to receive, store and transmit energy to support plant growth. It is the component of overall soil productivity that deals with its available nutrient status, and its ability to provide nutrients out of its own reserves and through external applications for crop production.

The capacity of a soil to receive, store and transmit energy to support plant growth. It is the component of overall soil productivity that deals with its available nutrient status, and its ability to provide nutrients out of its own reserves and through.

The quality of a soil that enables it to provide compounds in adequate amounts and proper balance to promote growth of plants when other factors (such as light, moisture, temperature and soil structure) are favourable.

The process of rock weathering though which soil is formed.

The continued capacity of the soil to function as a vital living system, within ecosystem and land-use boundaries, to sustain biological productivity, promote the quality of air and water environments, and maintain plant, animal and human health.

A summarizing parameter including all of the carbon forms for dissolved (DOC: Dissolved Organic Carbon) and total organic compounds (TOC: Total Organic Carbon) in soils.

Matter consisting of plant and/or animal organic materials, and the conversion products of those materials in soils.

Matter consisting of plant and/or animal organic materials, and the conversion products of those materials in soils (ISO, 2013).

Process of soil contamination by chemicals (fertilizers, petroleum products, pesticides, herbicides, mining) which has affected agricultural productivity and other ecosystem services negatively.