harmonization |
The process of bringing something together, and comparing (e.g. models or scenarios) to facilitate compatibility or consistency.
|
Europe and Central Asia assessment |
hazard |
A process, phenomenon or human activity that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation. Hazards that this assessment discusses are mostly environmental hazards (chemical, natural and biological hazards), while cognizant that many hazards are socio- natural, in that they are associated with a combination of natural and anthropogenic factors. Natural hazards are predominantly associated with natural processes and phenomena, including geological or geophysical hazards that originate from internal earth processes (earthquakes, volcanic activities, landslides, tsunamis), and hydrometeorological hazards, which are of atmospheric, hydrological or oceanographic origin (tropical cyclones, floods, drought; heatwaves, and storm surges). Biological hazards are of organic origin or conveyed by biological vectors, including pathogenic microorganisms, toxins and bioactive substances. Examples are bacteria, viruses or parasites, as well as venomous wildlife and insects, poisonous plants and mosquitoes carrying disease-causing agents.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
heat island effect |
Describes built up areas that are hotter than nearby rural areas. Heat islands can affect communities by increasing summertime peak energy demand, air conditioning costs, air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, heat-related illness and mortality, and water quality.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
hedgerow |
A row of shrubs or trees that forms the boundary of an area such as a garden, field, farm, road or right-of-way.
|
Americas assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment |
hedonic pricing |
An economic valuation approach that utilizes information about the implicit demand for an environmental attribute of marketed commodities.
|
Europe and Central Asia assessment |
herbicide |
A substance that kills or inhibits the germination, growth and development of plants. Herbicides may be synthetic chemicals, natural chemicals, or biological agents.
|
Pollination assessment |
holocene |
The Holocene is the current geological epoch. It began after the Pleistocene, approximately 11,650 calendar years before present.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
homegarden |
Yard areas surrounding a house for vegetable and fruit production and keeping of domestic animals. In many regions homegardens contain wild species utilized as medicinal plants, timber or other uses.
|
Sustainable use assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme) |
homeotherm |
Organisms (vertebrates) with a constant and high body temperature, with a high level of energy exchange.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
homogenisation |
When used in the ecological sense homogenisation means a decrease in the extent to which communities differ in species composition.
|
Pollination assessment |
homogenisation |
When used in the ecological sense homogenisation means a decrease in the extent to which communities differ in species or functional composition.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
homogenisation |
When used in the ecological sense homogenization means a decrease in the extent to which communities differ in species composition.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme), Europe and Central Asia assessment, Land degradation and restoration assessment |
honey bee |
Any bee that is a member of the genus Apis. They are primarily distinguished by the production and storage of honey and the construction of perennial, colonial nests from wax. Currently, eight species of honey bee are recognized.
|
Pollination assessment |
horticulture |
High investment crop production using resources intensively for high value product.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
hotspot of agrobiodiversity |
Areas with significantly high levels of agrobiodiversity.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
hotspot of endemism |
See 'Biodiversity hotspot'.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
human appropriation of net primary production |
The aggregate impact of land use on biomass available each year in ecosystems.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment, Americas assessment |
human capital |
All the knowledge, talents, skills, abilities, experience, intelligence, training, judgment and wisdom possessed individually and collectively by individuals in a population.
|
IPBES-IPCC co-sponsored workshop on biodiversity and climate change, Land degradation and restoration assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme) |
human history |
A general term used to refer to pre-historical and historical periods describing the development of humanity. Different classifications of periods exist reflecting different interpretation of human history.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme), Sustainable use assessment |
human rights |
Rights inherent to all human beings, regardless of race, colour, sex, language, religion or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or any other status. These rights are interrelated, interdependent and indivisible.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
human rights instruments |
Instruments for the protection and promotion of human rights, including general instruments, instruments concerning specific issues, and instruments relating to the protection of particular groups.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
human rights |
The inalienable fundamental rights of each and every human being as acknowledged in the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights (United Nations, 1948). Arguments of intragenerational justice basically refer to human rights.
|
Values assessment |
human values |
See Values.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment |
human well-being |
A state of existence that fulfils various human needs, including material living conditions and quality of life, as well as the ability to pursue one's goals, to thrive, and feel satisfied with one's life (IPCC, 2020). The IPBES definition is consistent with this definition but notes that well-being also includes non-material living conditions and cultural identity. The phrase ‘Good quality of Life' as used in this report (see glossary entry) is intended to be inclusive of both the human well-being definitions given above.
|
|
human well-being |
See Good Quality of Life.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment |
human well-being |
see well-being.
|
Scenarios and models assessment |
human-nature relations |
The ways in which people relate to and engage with the natural environment, which are diverse and linked to worldviews, values and attitudes embedded in daily life.
|
Values assessment |
humanistic economics |
Humanistic economics intend to show that humankind is perfectly capable of living without the profit motive, and has done so for most of its history. It goes again the tendency to consider the profit motive as self-evident, an idea that underlies many political decisions. See also Behavioural economics.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
humification |
Decomposition of organic material followed by a synthesis of humic substances.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
hunting |
The capture by humans of wild mammals, birds, and reptiles, whether dead or alive, irrespective of the techniques used to capture them or the reasons to do so.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
hybrid model |
See models.
|
|
hybrid model |
Models that combine correlative and process-based modelling approaches.
|
Scenarios and models assessment |
hydraulic fracturing |
An oil and gas well development process that typically involves injecting water, sand, and chemicals under high pressure into a bedrock formation via the well. This process is intended to create new fractures in the rock as well as increase the size, extent, and connectivity of existing fractures. Hydraulic fracturing is a well-stimulation technique used commonly in low-permeability rocks like tight sandstone, shale, and some coal beds to increase oil and/or gas flow to a well from petroleum-bearing rock formations.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
hydrothermal vent |
A fissure on the floor of a sea out of which flows water that has been heated by underlying magma. The water can be as hot as 400°C (752°F) and usually contains dissolved minerals that precipitate out of it upon contact with the colder seawater, building a stack of minerals, or chimney. Hydrothermal vents form an ecosystem for microbes and animals, such as tube worms, giant clams, and blind shrimp, that can with stand the hostile environment. The hottest hydrothermal vents are called black smokers because they spew iron and sulfide which combine to form iron mono sulfide, a black compound.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment |
hypoxia |
Low dissolved oxygen levels in coastal and oceanic waters (<2mL per liter of water), either naturally occurring or as a result of a degradation (e.g. eutrophication).
|
Sustainable use assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme) |
identity |
The ways in which people understand who they are, their belonging and role in society, and their relation to their broader environment.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme), Sustainable use assessment |
illegal logging |
The harvesting, processing, transporting, buying or selling of timber in contravention of national and international laws.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme) |
illegal practices |
Illegal is defined in the context of this assessment when it violates laws and regulations.
|
Sustainable use assessment |
illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing |
A broad term which includes: fishing and fishing-related activities conducted in contravention of national, regional and international laws; non-reporting, misreporting or under- reporting of information on fishing operations and their catches; fishing by “Stateless” vessels; fishing in convention areas of Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs) by non-party vessels; fishing activities which are not regulated by States and cannot be easily monitored and accounted for.
|
Global assessment (1st work programme), Sustainable use assessment |
immaterial patrimony |
Non-tangible aspects of cultural value that are passed from one human generation to the next.
|
Land degradation and restoration assessment |
environmental impact assessment |
A formal, evidence-based procedure that assesses the economic, social and environmental effects of public policy or of any human activity.
|
Pollination assessment, Land degradation and restoration assessment |
impacts |
changes to nature, nature’s contributions to people, and/or the good quality of life (Ricciardi et al., 2013). Impacts can be observed or unobserved. More specifically, impacts to nature (formerly ‘ecological impact’), is defined as a measurable change to the properties of an ecosystem (Ricciardi et al., 2013), and implies that all introduced species can have an impact, even when not yet established or widespread, which may vary in magnitude, simply by integration into the ecosystem.
|
Invasive alien species assessment |
important bird & biodiversity areas |
A Key Biodiversity Area identified using an internationally agreed set of criteria as being globally important for bird populations.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment, Africa assessment, Europe and Central Asia assessment, Americas assessment |
in situ conservation of biodiversity |
The conservation of ecosystems and natural habitats and the maintenance and recovery of viable populations of species in their natural surroundings and, in the case of domesticated or cultivated species, in the surroundings where they have developed their distinctive properties.
|
Sustainable use assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme) |
inclusive wealth |
An economic concept that seeks to incorporate natural capital into national wealth estimates, beyong GDP.
|
Asia-Pacific assessment |
incommensurability |
Absence of a common unit along which values can be measured and compared.
|
Values assessment |
inconclusive (certainty term (q.v.)) |
Limited evidence, recognising major knowledge gaps.
|
Pollination assessment |
indicator |
A quantitative or qualitative factor or variable that provides a simple, measurable and quantifiable characteristic or attribute responding in a known and communicable way to a changing environmental condition, to a changing ecological process or function, or to a changing element of biodiversity.
|
Europe and Central Asia assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme), Americas assessment, Sustainable use assessment, Global assessment (1st work programme), Land degradation and restoration assessment, Africa assessment, Asia-Pacific assessment |
indigenous and community conserved areas |
Natural and modified ecosystems including significant biodiversity, ecological services and cultural values voluntarily conserved by indigenous and local communities through customary laws or other effective means.
|
Europe and Central Asia assessment |
indigenous and local knowledge |
Indigenous and local knowledge (ILK) refers to dynamic bodies of integrated, holistic, social and ecological knowledge, practices and beliefs pertaining to the relationship of living beings, including people, with one another and with their environments.
|
Sustainable use assessment |