Economic analyses of return-on-investment for programmes that reduce the environmental changes that lead to pandemics

Closing critical knowledge gaps on: Key risk behaviours – in global consumption, in rural communities on the frontline of disease emergence, in the private sector, in national governments – that lead to pandemics

Globally, disturbance of previously undisturbed marine sediment carbon through trawling was estimated to release the equivalent of 15 to 20% of atmospheric CO2 absorbed annually by the ocean. Such order of magnitude indicates a knowledge gap on ocean carbon storage capacity to be closed by further research.

Current scenarios used by the IPCC do not differentiate between natural forest regrowth, reforestation with plantations, and afforestation of land not previously tree-covered, which makes assessment of biodiversity impacts difficult and is a knowledge gap that needs to be addressed.

Gaps remain, however, in moving beyond theoretical concerns to the design of practical frameworks but are essential to address fragmented legal and governance regimes across multiple governance scales.

Many of the ecological SDG goals have lack a focus on ecosystem functions or integrity, as well as insufficient attention to feedbacks (Reyers & Selig, 2020).

Offsets in particular raise complicated governance questions for both biodiversity and climate, and the effectiveness of regulations of these sectors is unclear.

The body of evidence regarding the ability of the adoption of agroecological principles to achieve multiple benefits within agricultural landscapes (including improved conservation) is growing – although research gaps remain (see, for example, Wanger et al. (2020), and their discussion of a research agenda for agroecology). )

Estimates of non-monetary and indirect benefits of REDD+ are lacking due to a lack of expertise and inadequate information about environmental and biodiversity benefits (Rakatama et al., 2017).

The vast majority of these models do not, however, account for important mechanisms of adaptation (Razgour et al., 2019; Settele et al., 2014).